Singapore to Jakarta

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Every year, millions of passengers fly the short journey between two of Southeast Asia’s largest cities, Singapore and Jakarta.

Although a mere 900km, this flight path crosses thousands of islands that lie scattered along the east coast of Sumatra. Each type of island formation can be seen on this flight, from the volcanic Riau Islands to the continental islands of Bangka and Belitung and the coral islands of Kepulauan Seribu (the Thousand Islands).

The colonial history of the region echoes through each of the points along this journey; however, today it is the two global cities that bookend the flight path which exert their influence over the regions that lie between them as Singapore and Indonesia change and adapt to accommodate their growing economies and populations.

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Frankfurt to Baku

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The journey between the skyscraper cities of Frankfurt and Baku is a cross-section of the diversity of Europe’s landscapes and cultures: from mountains to plains, rivers to seas, and ancient cities to modern metropolises.

People have inhabited the European continent for thousands of years and evidence of them can be found in every landscape, from the ancient history of Bohemia to the highest settlements in Europe found in the Caucasus Mountains. However, life still pulses through the region as evidenced by the constant growth of the largest cities along the route.

This flight path also celebrates the diversity of wildlife found in Europe, from the fish in the Dnieper River to the algae in the Sea of Azov and the last populations of European wolves and bears in the Carpathian Mountains.

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Delhi to Hong Kong

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From the highest mountains in the world to some of the world’s largest rivers, the flight path between Delhi and Hong Kong provides a glimpse into the sheer size and physical diversity of Asia.

However, people can be found at all extremes of the landscape, from the heavily populated fertile floodplains to the few climbers who have reached the summit of Mount Everest, the world’s highest peak.

This flight also connects two of Asia’s most influential cities while crossing some of the most productive regions in Asia, including China’s industrial manufacturing hubs, the agricultural zones of India and Nepal and the busy Brahmaputra River and Pearl River Basin.

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Buenos Aires to Santiago

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The route between Buenos Aires and Santiago cuts through the heart of Argentina and Chile’s iconic landscapes and cultures.

90% of the two hour route between Buenos Aires and Santiago will be spent gazing at the Argentinian landscape below. From Buenos Aires and the Rio de la Plata on the east coast, across the vast Pampas grasslands until Cuyo’s vineyards begin to rise into the Andes Mountains forming the country’s western border. Each landscape has its own cultural identity that is closely tied to the landscape.

The remaining 10% of the flight is a spectacular descent into Santiago: the city is framed by the white peaks of the Andes, and offers an interesting comparison to the rest of the flight path.

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Sydney to Hawaii

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Cross the Pacific Ocean on this flight from Sydney to Hawaii. This impossibly vast sea is studded with thousands of tiny islands; this flight path covers a cross-section of them, from the rocky New Caledonia to the coral reefs of the Line Islands to the volcanoes of Hawaii.

In spite of its remoteness, the Pacific possesses a rich human history spanning thousands of years, from the oldest known evidence of Pacific human habitation found in Tuvalu to the 1930s mystery of Amelia Earhart on the Phoenix Islands. This flight path crosses the International Date Line as well as the Equator so that travellers on this journey will not only arrive in a different country to the one they departed, but in a different day and hemisphere.

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Singapore to Sydney

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Fly over some of the world’s most remote and spectacular tropical and desert landscapes on the route from Singapore to Sydney. From the isolated reefs of the Timor Sea, to the horizontal waterfalls of Australia’s Buccaneer Archipelago, to the red sand dunes of the Simpson Desert.

Vast stretches of this flight path have seen no human influence at all, however others have been adapted and altered by the human inhabitants. Land reclamation in Singapore, rice terraces in Bali and the farmland in the Murray Darling Basin are but a few examples. Every country along this route has its own colonial history: from the British in Singapore and Australia to the Dutch in Indonesia, each nation has left its mark on the landscapes along the route.

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Dar es Salaam to Johannesburg

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In the southeast corner of Africa lie some of the most beautiful natural landscapes and wildlife found anywhere on the continent. From the dazzling cichlid fish in Lake Malawi/Nyasa, to the more well-known antelope, zebra and wild dogs of Nyanga and the Ruvuma basin in Zimbabwe, Tanzania and Mozambique.

The flight path also contains relics of East and Southern Africa’s human history from the last 1000 years. For example, beneath the route in Zimbabwe lies the Kingdom of Mapungubwe which ruled from 1075 – 1220. Across other parts of the flight path are remnants of more recent colonial history, such as in Dar es Salaam, Johannesburg and Malawi.

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Denver to Seattle

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The route between the two 19th century boomtowns of Denver and Seattle follows the path of hundreds of thousands of emigrants who battled their way through the mountainous northwest quarter of the contiguous United States to settle in the West.

As you fly over several sub-ranges of the Rockies, learn how the power of glaciers, rivers and the wind have shaped the landscape and see the volcanic cones of the Cascade Mountains as you descend towards Seattle.

Amongst the spectacular yet hostile landscapes there are pockets of humanity, where Native Americans thrived for ten thousand years and modern cities have sprung up at the feet of mountains and along the lengths of rivers.

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Hong Kong to Singapore

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The South China Sea has long been a conduit for human movement in Southeast Asia. As a vital trade route as well as an essential fishing ground and potential source of oil and gas, the sea is at the centre of the region’s economy. However, the sea's value has made it hugely desirable for bordering nations, who now compete for sovereignty.

The flight path is bookended by two of the most important business and financial centres in Asia: Hong Kong and Singapore. Yet despite being more than 2,200km apart, these cities share many similarities.

In contrast, between these two cities lie some of the most idyllic beaches and diverse marine life in Southeast Asia; from the tourist resorts of Nha Trang in Vietnam to the remote Paracel and Spratly Islands that pepper the South China Sea.

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Mumbai to Delhi

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India is experiencing one of the most remarkable economic transformations of any nation on Earth. At the heart of this economic evolution are the financial and cultural hubs of Mumbai and Delhi: two ancient cities, brimming with thousands of years of history which now represent a modern India.

However, this economic transformation is evident throughout the rest of the flight path: over northwest India are new environments, people and economies which have developed amongst traditional cultures.

For example as the Indian population’s thirst for electricity grows, the sub-continent's many rivers have been dammed to generate hydroelectricity such as along the Narmada Valley.

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Cairo to Lagos

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The flight path between Cairo and Lagos crosses some of the driest parts of the planet. Yet these inhospitable places are inhabited by millions of people who rely on a few crucial water supplies: the annual floods of the Nile, the ancient aquifer that underlies the Libyan Desert and the shrinking Lake Chad.

However, an ever-growing population is putting strain on this finite water supply. For example the Great Man-Made River Project in Libya threatens to drain the underground aquifer that has supported life here for thousands of years and Lake Chad continues to shrink.

At either end of the flight path are the two largest cities in Africa: both are dynamic, vibrant mega-cities which grow by thousands of people each year. In contrast to these cities, and as a demonstration of the incredible diversity which exists in Africa, is the fascinating story of life in the desert that has gone on for centuries.

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Hong Kong to Taipei

Two of Asia’s most powerful economic centres are joined by the world’s busiest passenger air route; squeezed into the 812km between Hong Kong and Taipei is a fascinating and complicated history which has shaped this part of the world.

Throughout the flight path you can see how thriving economies have fuelled the explosive growth of towering coastal cities; Taipei, Taichung and the south coast of China are iconic examples of modern Asian economic regions.

The natural landscape also dramatically evolves from the flat land of the Pearl River Delta to the volcanic islands of Penghu to some of the highest peaks in East Asia found in Taiwan.

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Madrid to Rio de Janeiro

Over half of the flight path from Madrid to Rio de Janeiro is covered by water: yet across the second largest ocean on the planet are cultures, underwater volcanoes and islands that provide a fascinating journey which you might not expect.

The flight covers over 5,500km of Atlantic Ocean between the 2,000-year-old Spanish port of Seville and the northeast tip of Brazil. Off the coast of Africa, the flight crosses the volcanic Canary Islands and Cape Verde Islands: both groups contain striking landscapes and unique cultures. Beneath the waves of the central Atlantic is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a huge seam in the Earth’s surface. Further south the route crosses the Equator, separating the northern and southern hemisphere.

Bookending the maritime section of the flight path are Spain and Brazil: two countries which played key roles in colonial expansion across the Atlantic Ocean. Yet each country now has its own modern identity and culture, re-enforced by its own distinct landscapes.

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Hong Kong to Bangkok

The flight path between Hong Kong and Bangkok crosses some of the most iconic regions of Southeast Asia and Southern China. Yet, hidden between these tourist spots are lesser known cities, farms and beautiful temples that are essential to the cultural and economic fabric of this part of the world.

A common theme amongst all of these places is the importance of transport, both domestic and international, to their modern economic growth. Whether this is a new bridge across the Mekong, a shipping route to the port of Macau or the opening of Dong Hoi Airport, improved transport across the region’s challenging physical landscape has been a catalyst for economic development.

The same landscape also provides the flight path with a striking background: for example the karst limestone features of Ha Long Bay on the Vietnamese coastline or the vast Isan Plateau of northeast Thailand.

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Vancouver to Los Angeles

The west coast of the United States is littered with active volcanoes, sheer mountains and dramatic pine filled valleys. As well as providing spectacular scenery, these features are also key pieces of evidence that help us understand the geological history of this region.

Some of the USA’s most famous and iconic scenery sits beneath the flight path: Yosemite National Park in the Sierra Nevada, for example, is a classic example of the romanticised American West. Further north the active volcanoes of the Cascade Mountains, such as Mount St. Helens, remind us that even the most powerful nations can be humbled by Earth’s natural processes.

However, humans have also played an increasingly involved role in this landscape: from the Native Americans who first inhabited the region, to the immigrant pioneers who settled in the mid-18th Century, to the extreme sports enthusiasts who now use it as their playground.

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Bangkok to Sydney

The 7,500 kilometre journey from Bangkok to Sydney crosses some of the most isolated, most bio-diverse and most beautiful landscapes on Earth. However this amazing variety is split into two distinct regions, each with their own evolutionary and geological history.

The western half of the flight path from Bangkok to Borneo has developed over millions of years as part of the Asian continent, whereas the eastern half of the flight path from Sulawesi to Sydney has developed with an Australian heritage. This divide is reflected in each region’s animals, plants and landscapes: from the active Indonesian volcanoes, to the barren sand seas of Australia and vibrant underwater ecosystems of the Gulf of Thailand.

There is also a fascinating human history beneath the flight path: between the regional metropoles of Sydney and Bangkok exist modern cultures and tribes and the curious history of homo floresiensis.

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Cairo to Doha

From ancient Arab settlements to the oil fuelled glass and steel skyscrapers of modern Doha, this flight path explores the elaborate relationship of water, oil and trade in the human and physical geography of this region.

Explore the dry river beds of Wadi Rum and the vibrant wildlife of the Persian Gulf to discover how water has helped to shape the landscape and provide habitats for many species, including homo sapiens. Yet the sea also provides a pivotal method of transport to and from the coastal cities of Cairo, Suez and Doha, connecting them to the rest of the world via international shipping routes.

In the 20th century these shipping routes facilitated the distribution of one of the Middle East’s most famous exports: crude oil. The revenues generated through the export of crude oil are clearly proven in the striking architecture and rich economies of Doha and Saudi Arabia.

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Miami to Buenos Aires

A fascinating story exists between the bustling ports of Miami and Buenos Aires which explores the changing geography of Central and South America since the arrival of the first conquistadors in the 16th century.

Many of the beautiful natural landscapes along the flight path have seen considerable change: from the chain of coral islands that dangle from the southern tip of the USA known as the Florida Keys, to the enormous meanders of the Amazon River and vast agricultural plains of Argentina.

However, new tribes and societies are even being discovered today: half way through the flight path is a glimpse of the un-contacted tribes of the Amazonas and Acre regions in Brazil, hidden deep within the Amazon rainforest in complete isolation from the modern world.

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London to Dar es Salaam

From a global financial centre in London to the cradle of humankind deep within Africa’s Rift Valley, explore how the human race has competed for, shaped, and on occasion been overwhelmed by the changing natural world around us.

The dramatic variations in landscape throughout your journey show the variety of climates and landscapes on Earth, and the diversity of ways we interact with our natural world.

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Sydney to Brisbane

Discover how modern Australia has grown within a landscape that remains almost as wild as when it was first inhabited.

Whilst flying between two of Australia’s busiest and most cosmopolitan cities you will cross ancient forests and volcanic landscapes that have remained largely untouched for hundreds of millions of years.

From the Aboriginal people whose legends tell the story of how Australia came to be, to the British convicts who battled the difficult terrain to build the colony, you’ll find there’s more to Australia than just its famous outback and spectacular beaches.

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Farnborough to Cannes

The histories of England and France are inextricably linked; from invasion by the Romans, Vikings, the Norman Conquest and the Hundred Years War through to modern independence and recent coalition through the European Union.

However these fiercely independent countries, each with their own distinct identities separated by the English Channel, share a common geological and cultural heritage.

Explore how the shared physical landscapes and historical events have shaped both the individual characteristics of each country as well as their joint histories.

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New York to Los Angeles

Witness the inspiring landscapes and cities which lie at the heart of one of the world’s most powerful nations, the United States of America.

This coast to coast flight path offers a unique perspective of the USA, exploring the fascinating and often unexpected variety of places which exist throughout this captivating nation.

From the global cities of New York and Los Angeles, to the religious Amish communities of rural Illinois and traditional Native American societies of the Mojave Desert, the rich tapestry of landscape, people and culture is ever present along your journey.

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London to Johannesburg

Discover the extreme contrasts within the natural and human world on your journey from London Heathrow to Johannesburg.

Along the flight path you will cross both Tropics and the Equator, from the searing aridity of the Sahara to the sub-zero temperatures of the Swiss Alps and suffocating humidity of the Congo Rainforest.

Crossing from Western Europe to Africa will also showcase the extreme contrasts in wealth, isolation and political stability between some of the richest and poorest countries on the planet.

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London to Vancouver

Traverse the depths of the Arctic Circle and explore the dramatic and changing landscapes below.

As you fly across Iceland, Greenland and Canada the effects of our changing climate at ground level on the people and landscapes of these places are clear to see.

Matching these formidable Arctic landscapes are the explosive volcanic fissures and bubbling geysers of Iceland.

At either end of the flight path are Vancouver and London; two of the most multicultural cities in the world, linked by a shared colonial and imperial history.

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London to Delhi

Explore some of Earth’s most significant political and religious divides and how these have shaped, and been shaped, by the physical landscape.

Every inch of land that you cover has been affected in one way or another by a major political event or conflict, some of which run deep into that region’s history.

The landscapes that you fly over can be read like a history book about the turbulent stories of the world's great empires and how they have jostled for power throughout recorded history.

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